Drug Abuse In Sports - Threat To Ethics

Anti Doping DRUG ABUSE IN SPORTS - THREAT TO ETHICS

-FIRST RECORDED ATTEMPT TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE
-ANCIENT GREEK OLYMPIANS ATE SHEEP’S TESTICLES TO INCREASE TESTOSTERONE

ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS

-MUSHROOMS
-HERBS,LIQUOR,HORSE SERUM,BLOOD
-19TH CENTURY-ALCOHOL.CAFFEINE,NITROGLYCERINE, OPIUM,STRYCHNINE
-WORLD WAR 2 –AMPHETAMINES TESTOSTERONE

1904 OLYMPICS

THOMAS HICKS (USA)WON THE MARATHON RUN AND COLLAPSED IN ST LOUIS. HE USED BRANDY WITH STRYCHNINE.

1936 OLYMPICS

NAZI GERMAN ATHLETES USED FIRST RUDIMENTARY TESTOSTERONE PREPRATIONS

1954 WORLD WT WEIGHTLIFTING CHAMPIONSHIP

USSR ADMINSTERED TESTOSTERONE INJECTIONS AND WON ALL THE GOLD MEDALS CREATING WORLD RECORDS

1960 OLYMPICS

OLYMPIC MOVEMENT IN QUANDRY
DRUG OFFENCE LAW PASSED
FIRST CONFERENCE ON DOPING HELD
DR JOHN ZIEGLER OF USA WT LIFTING TEAM ADMINISTERED DIANABOL TABLETS AND DOMINATED 1962 WORLD WT LIFTING CHAMPIONSHIP

1965

DUTCH SWIMMERS FOUND USING STIMULANTS

1968

FIRST DRUG TESTING STARTED
FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG LAW

1970-1980

BLOOD DOPING STARTED
SYSTEMATIC DOPING STARTED BY EAST BLOCK SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY BURSTS THE BUBBLE
WEST BYCOTTS 1980 MOSCOW OLYMPICS
EAST BOYCOTTS 1984 LOS ANGLES OLYMPICS

1988 SEOUL

WORLD’S FASTEST MAN ISTRIPPED OF GOLD MEDAL FOR USING STANOZOLOL
HIGH LEVEL INVESTIGATINS REVEAL USAGE OF DIANOBOL,CYPIONATE,FURAZABOL & HCG
CARL LEWIS ANOTHER FASTEST MAN ON EARTH ALSO ACCUSED OF HAVING USED PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

1992-2004

Scandals at every Olympics,World Championships and even Continental games
Unfortunately India also joins in the doping race

HIGH PROFILE OFFENDERS

1992-KATRIN KRABBE SPRINTER POSITIVE WITH CLENBUTERAL AND MANIPULATION BEFORE BARCELONA 1992 OLYMPICS
FAMOUS FASTINA EXPELLED FROM TOUR-DE-FRANCE AFTER MASSEUR CAUGHT WITH POSSESSING PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE,MARCO PLATINI WON BUT FAILED TEST
1998-RANDY BARNES WORLD CHAMPION SHOT PUT FINDS HIMSELF IN THE NET WITH METHYLTESTOSTERONE

BIG FISH CONTD…..

2000-C J HUNTER H/O MARION JONES POSITIVE BEFORE SYDNEY OLYMPICS AND LATER PART OF OR FAMOUS BALCO SCANDAL
SYDNEY OLYMPICS 2000,- COLLECTS 2000 BLOOD SAMPLES FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY FOR EPO-NO POSITIVE CASE
2003-DAVID MILLER WORLD TIME TRIAL CHAMPION ADMITTED OF USING EPO AND TITLE STRIPPED
2004-MARION JONES DARLING OF FIVE MEDALS IN SYDNEY INVOVED IN BALCO SCANDAL
2004-2 GREEK ATHLETES INCLUDING KONSTATINOS KENTERIS (200 M GOLD SYDNEY) MISSED DOPE TESTS –BANNED FOR 2 YEARS

2004

2004-TIM MONTGOMERY (USA) WORLD FASTEST WITH 9.78 BANNED FOR POSITIVE AND RETIRED
OUT OF COMPETITION AND IN COMPETITION STARTED
ATHENS- WADA TAKES OVER THE FIRST OLYMPICS AFTER FAMOUS 2003 COPENHAGEN DECLARATION
INDIAN WT LIFTERS ALSO GUILTY AND FEDRATION BANNED & FINED

POISTIVE DOPE TESTS IN ATHENS 2004

Ukraine Women Rowers Team scrapped off (Bronze)
Hungarian Discuss Thrower striped off Gold Medal
Russian Women Shot Putter stripped off Gold Medal
Kenyan Boxer Disqualified
Weightlifters (Hungary, Morocco, Moldova, Turkey, Myanmar and India)
Greek Sprinters (Abscond)

GATLIN & FLOYD STEALS THE SHOW IN 2006

WORLD FASTEST MAN ON EARTH JUSTIN GATLIN WITH GOLD IN ATHENS(100M),BRONZE(200M) & SILVER (4X100M RELAY) , SETS 9.76 AT DOHA BEATING ASAFFA POWELL & DECLARED POSITIVE FOR TESTOSTERONE FACING LIFE BAN
2006-FLOYD LANDIS AMERICAN STAR OF TOUR DE FRANCE WINNER POSITIVE FOR TESTOSTERONE

WORLD FASTEST MAN STUMBLES

WORLD CHAMP CAUGHT AFTER RELAY IN KANSAS ON APRIL22 FOR TESTOSTERONE
2004 ATHENS FASTEST MAN ON EARTH
SECOND OFFENCE-LIFE BAN FIRST OFFENCE AMPHETAMINE

UPDATE 7^th DECEMBER 2007

CAS OCCUPIED WITH LEGAL CASES
Marion Jones to return medals after admitting involvement in BALCO’S scandal.
World’s one of the highest paid Brazilian Footballer Romario found guilty of using FINASTERIDE claiming for using for hair loss on 7th December.
Fight starts between Detectors and Drug Designers-shall intensify further

TRENDS IN 2010

WADA LIST CHANGES EVERY YEAR
SYDNEY OLYMPICS TESTED 2000 BLOOD TESTS FOR EPO FOR FIRST TIME
BLOOD SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS—CONTD in 2004 ATHENS
TISSUE ANALYSIS FOR GENE DOPING
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
National problem- Alternative system of medicines being used by our Sports persons

THE PROHIBITED LIST

International Standard
Applicable to the Sport in Whole World
Indicates Substances & Methods Banned in In-Competition, Out-of-Competition and in Particular Sports
WADA Issues the List every Year on 1ST SEPTEMBER effective From New year day first of January- HAPPY NEW YEAR

PROHIBITED GROUPS IN-COMPETITION

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
S-6 Stimulants	S-7Narcotics
S-8 Cannabinoids	S-1 Anabolic Agents
S-2 Peptide HormonesErythropoietin (EPO); Growth Hormone (hGH), Insulin-like Growth Factors (e.g. IGF-1),Mechano Growth Factors (MGFs); Gonadotrophins (e.g. LH, hCG), prohibited in males only; Insulins; Corticotrophins.	S-3 Beta-2-Agonists

In Competition --contd...
S-4 Agents with Anti-Oestrogenic activity, Aromatase inhibitors Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS), Agents modifying myostatin function , S-9 Glucocorticoids	S-5 Masking Agents & Diuretics

PROHIBITED OUT-of-COMPETITION
S 1-Anabolic Agents	S 2-Peptide Hormones
S 3-Beta-2-Agonists	S 5-Masking Agents & Diuretics
S 4-Agents with Anti-Oestrogenic activity

PROHIBITED METHODS
M1-Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer	M 2-Pharmacological, Chemical & Physical Manipulations
M-3 Gene Doping

PROHIBITED IN PARTICULAR SPORTS

P 1-Alcohol-Karate,Aeronautics,Bowls, Automobiles,Shooting,fencing,Archery,Moto Bikes
P 2-Beta Blockers: Archery,Shooting,Billiards,Wrestling,Gymnastics,9 –pin Bowling,Sailing,Mo biking, Aeronautics, Skiing, Bob Sledg
Diuretics:Wt Category sports
ALWAYS Check with your Federation what Substances & Methods are Prohibited in Your Sport. Substances & Methods may be incorporated in Particular Sports List (P LIST).

Stimulants

Substances, which have direct stimulating effect on the Central Nervous System

Effects:
Increases Excitation of Brain and Spinal Cord, Cardiac Output and Rate of Metabolism

Reasons to use:
Alertness, Wakefulness, Increased Concentration, Decrease Sensitivity to Pain

Side Effects:
Body Heats Up, Loss of Appetite, Insomnia, Restlessness, HBP, Palpitation, Addiction

Important Note:
Many Cough & Cold Medicines Contains

Example:
Amphetamine, Caffeine, Cocaine and Ephedrine

AMPHETAMINES

NARCOTICS

Narcotics are Analgesics represented by Morphine, derived from Opium.

Effects:

Act on Central Nervous System
Reduce feeling of Pain
False Sense of Security

Side Effects:

Aggravate Injuries and Risk to further Damage
Addiction
Loss of Balance & coordination
Depression

Example: Codeine

NARCOTICC EFFECTS

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

INCREASES MUSCLE STRENGTH AND BULK
PROMOTES AGGRESSIVENESS

ANDROGENIC ANABOLIC STEROIDS

Anabolic – Tissue Building
Androgenic – Masculine
Used by Athletes in sports involving Strength (WL, Throwing Events etc.)
Males – Cortisol and Testosterone
Females – Estrogen & Progesterone
Can be injected or Pills
Side Effects: Male: Baldness, Infertility, Breast Development
Females: Hair Growth, Menstrual Disturbances, Infertility, Hoarsen Voice, Fetus Problems
Common: Liver & Kidney Damage, HBP, Aggressiveness

DIURETICS

Drugs increases rate of Urine Formation
Used in weight Category Sports
Used to mask Other Drugs
Dilute the concentration of Drugs

Side Effects:

Dehydration, Dizziness, Cramps, Heart Damage and Kidney Failure

PEPTIDE HORMONES

Hormones are natural substances that act as “messenger” within the body and cause the production of other endogenous hormones like testosterone and corticosteroids.
Effects: Increase Growth, Strength, Reduce pain
Examples: HCG, HGH, ACTH, EPO
Side Effects: Masculinity, Abnormal Growth, HBP, DM, High Viscosity of Blood, Myocardial Infarction, Cerebral Infarction, Pulmonary embolism, Convulsions.

Beta-2-Agonists

Used for Inhalation in Asthma
Used as Injection to give the Anabolic Effect
Example: Clenbuterol, salbutamol
Side Effects: Heart Failure Narrow the blood vessels, Muscle Cramps
Constrict Blood Vessels of Brain

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

These are naturally occurring or synthetic drugs which are related to the corticosteroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex
Can be used only on medical grounds with TUE certificate
Corticoids are used by athletes: To Depress inflammation & Pain

MASKING AGENTS

MASKING PAIN

Narcotics, ACTH, Cortisone, Local Anesthetics

MASKING DRUGS

Epitestosterone
Plasma Expanders
Secretion Inhibitors
Diuretics

PROHIBITED METHODS

Enhancement of O2 Transfer

Blood Doping (Autologus, Homologus)
Red Blood Cell Products
EPO

Manipulations

Urine Substitution, Tampering, Inhibition of Renal excretion, Alteration of T/E Ratio

Gene Doping

SIDE EFFECTS IN NUTSHELL

GRAVE SIDE EFFECTS ON:

Heart
Central Nervous System
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
Reproductive System

TYPES OF TESTING

In-Competition
Out-of-Competition (Athlete’s Whereabouts)

(Registered Testing Pool)

NADO, IF, WADA

THE DOPING CONTROL PROCESS

Selection
Notification
Reporting to Dope Control Station
Dope Sample Collection
Sample Storage & Transportation
Analysis
Result Management
Sanctions
Appeals

THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION

ALWAYS Make Your Doctor Aware that You are an Athlete bound by Specific Rules in your Sport
Sometimes Athletes Experience a Medical Condition that requires particular Medicine, but that substance falls under Prohibited List
Ask for TUE Certificate
National Level Athletes – NADO
International Athletes – IF
Reviewed by TUE Committee
Process 21 Days Prior to participating in an Event
On Acceptance – Permission Certificate is Granted indicating Dosage & Length of Time

DOPING

Article 1 of ADC

Earlier Definition: Use of any Prohibited Substance and Method prohibited by IOC/IOC Medical Commission

New Definition: Doping is defined as occurrence of one or more of the Anti Doping RULE VIOLATIONS Set forth in Article 2.1 – 2.8 of the ANTI DOPING CODE

Article 2

2.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (compound/group of compound/biological parameters) in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen
2.1.1 Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substance enters his or her body.
Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to be present in their bodily specimens.
Not Necessary: Intent, Fault, Negligence or Knowing Use.

EXEMPTION TO ARTICLE 2.1

Excepting those substances for which a quantitative reporting threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List
The Prohibited List may establish special criteria for the evaluation of Prohibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously.

ARTICLE 2.2

Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method
2.2.1 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method is Not Material. It is sufficient that the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method was Used or Attempted to be Used for an Anti Doping rule Violation to be committed.

ARTICLE 2.3

REFUSING or FAILING without compelling justification to submit to Sample Collection after Notification as authorized in applicable Anti Doping Rules or otherwise EVADING Sample collection

ARTICLE 2.4

VIOLATION of applicable requirements regarding Athlete availability for Out-of-Competition Testing including FAILURE to provide required WHEREABOUTS information and MISSED TESTS which are declared based on reasonable rules.

ARTICLE 2.5

TAMPERING or ATTEMPTING to tamper with any part of Doping Control
Altering Identification Numbers on a Doping Control Form during Testing
Breaking the B Bottle at the time of B Sample Analysis

ARTICLE 2.6

POSESSION of Prohibited Substance and Methods
Possession by an Athlete at any time or place of a substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or Prohibited Method.
Possession of a substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or a Prohibited Method by Athlete's Support Personnel in connection with an Athlete Competition or Training.

EXEMPTION TO ARTICLE 2.6

The Athlete establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Code or other acceptable justification.
The Athlete’s Supporting Personnel establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted to an Athlete in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Code or other acceptable justification.

ARTICLE 2.7

TRAFFICKING in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method

Sell
Give
Administer
Transport
Send
Deliver
Distribute a prohibited substance or Prohibited Method to an Athlete either directly or through one or more third parties.

EXEMPTION TO ARTICLE 2.7

Excluding the sale or distribution (by medical personnel or by Persons other than Athlete’s Support Personnel) of a Prohibited Substance for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes.

ARTICLE 2.8

ADMINISTRATION or ATTEMPTED administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to any Athlete or ASSISTING, ENCOURAGING, AIDING, ABETTING, COVERING UP or any other type of complicity involving an Anti Doping Rule Violation or any ATTEMPTED VIOLATION

ARTICLE 3
PROOF OF DOPING

3.1 Anti Doping Organization shall have the burden of establishing that an Anti Doping Violation has occurred

ATHLETES/SUPPORTING PERSONEL RIGHTS

Athlete or other person alleged to have committed an Anti Doping Rule Violation the burden to

Rebut a presumption or establish specified facts or circumstances
3.2.1 Rebut that the Sample Analysis and Custodial Procedures were not in accordance with the International Standards
3.2.2 Exemption: Even if there is any departure from International Standard but it did not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or other Anti Doping Rule Violation shall not invalidate such results

ARTICLE 8
RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING

Each ADO shall provide a hearing process for any Person who is asserted to have committed an Anti Doping Rule Violation by addressing the consequences.
Timely Hearing
Fair & Impartial Hearing Body
Right to be represented by Counsel at the Person’s own expense.
Right to be fairly and timely informed of the asserted Anti Doping Rule Violation

RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING

Right to respond to the asserted Anti Doping Rule Violation and resulting consequences
Right of each party to present evidence, including the right to call and question the witness
Person’s right to an interpreter at the hearing
Timely written reasoned decision

ARTICLE 9
AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS

An anti doping rule violation in connection with an In-Competition test automatically leads to Disqualification of the individual result obtained in that Competition with all resulting consequences including forfeiture of any medal, points and prizes

ARTICLE 10

SANCTIONS

Disqualification of Results in Event During which an Anti Doping Rule Violation occurs
If the Athlete establishes that he or she bears No fault or Negligence for the violation, the Athlete’s individual results in other Competitions shall not be Disqualified unless the Athlete’s results in Competitions other than the Competitions in which the Anti Doping Rule Violation occurred were likely to have been affected by the Athlete’s Anti Doping Rule Violation

Prohibited Substances & Methods
Use or Attempted Use of Prohibited Substances & Methods
Possession of Prohibited Substances & Methods

First Violation – 2 Years Ineligibility
Second Violation – Lifetime Ineligibility

On establishing, specified Substances which are particularly susceptible to unintentional anti doping rules violations because of their general availability in medicinal products, that the use of such specified substances was not intended to enhance sport performance
First violation – Warning
Second Violation – 2 Years Ineligibility
Third Violation – Lifetime ineligibility

Prohibited Substances & Methods
Use or Attempted Use of Prohibited Substances & Methods
Possession of Prohibited Substances & Methods